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by CAPP-USA<\/span><\/h5>\n <\/p>\n
Listen to the Podcast<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\nDon\u2019t have time to read?<\/strong> Listen to this AI-powered Rerum Novarum summary.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_audio audio=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Rerum-Novarum-Summary-Podcast-Capital-Labor-and-Catholic-Social-Teaching.mp3″ title=”EP. 2 – Rerum Novarum Summary” artist_name=”CAPP-USA” album_name=”Encyclical Summaries” image_url=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/1.jpg” module_id=”principles-row-1″ module_class=”landscape” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#054368″ max_width=”70%” module_alignment=”center” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_audio][et_pb_text ol_item_indent=”20px” module_class=”bullets-module” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ text_font_size=”16px” ol_line_height=”1.7em” quote_text_color=”#eb7425″ quote_font_size=”17pt” background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” text_orientation=”justified” max_width=”75%” max_width_tablet=”” max_width_phone=”100%” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”20px|||0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
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Rerum Novarum ushered Catholic social teaching into the modern age.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
On Capital and Labor<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
Rerum Novarum<\/a>\u00a0serves as the cornerstone of modern Catholic social teaching.
<\/span><\/p>\nIssued by Pope Leo XIII on May 15, 1891, it was groundbreaking in addressing the struggles of the working class and societal challenges during the Industrial Revolution.<\/span><\/p>\nThe document explores the tensions between labor and capital, criticizing both socialism and unregulated capitalism while advocating for a just society founded on Christian principles.<\/span><\/p>\nHistorical Context<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
The encyclical arose during a period of profound upheaval. Radical changes were taking place in politics, economics and society.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nThe Industrial Revolution was at its height. Major dislocations of pastoral people to squalid industrial centers disrupted the way of life millions had known for generations. Mass migrations from Europe were splitting families. Workers endured grueling hours, meager wages, and hazardous conditions, while a small elite accumulated vast wealth.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nAt the same time, socialist movements were gaining momentum, advocating for drastic measures such as the abolition of private property. The writings of Karl Marx had taken root in widespread communist movements. \u201cA traditional society was passing away and another beginning to be formed \u2013 one which brought the hope of new freedoms but also the threat of new forms of injustice and servitude.\u201d (Pope St. John Paul II, 4)<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\nAt the height of this clash Pope Leo XIII interceded. In his landmark encyclical of 1891, Rerum Novarum<\/em>, the Pope, and the Church with him, confronted a society torn by dispute and addressed it in pointed terms.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nPope Leo XIII provided a balanced, moral vision that rejected extreme ideologies and emphasized the protection of human dignity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nKey Themes and Messages<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
THE DIGNITY OF WORK AND WORKERS<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\nPope Leo XIII upholds work as both honorable and essential to human life. He asserts that earning a living through labor carries no shame, citing Jesus Christ: “Is He not the carpenter, the son of Mary?” <\/em>(Rerum Novarum, 23)<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\nThe encyclical stresses that all workers, regardless of social status, deserve respect and fair treatment. It calls for an end to exploitation and the unjust hardships placed upon the working class, denouncing \u201cthe misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working classes\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 3)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\nIn his landmark encyclical of 1891, Rerum Novarum, the Pope, and the Church with him, confronted a society torn by dispute and addressed it in pointed terms.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\nTHE ROLE OF PRIVATE PROPERTY<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\nPope Leo XIII firmly upholds private property as a natural right, grounded in both human nature and divine law.<\/span><\/p>\nHe asserts that individuals have the right to own property as a means of securing their livelihood and providing for their families. As he declares, \u201cThe first and most fundamental principle, therefore, if one would undertake to alleviate the condition of the masses, must be the inviolability of private property\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 15)<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\nThe encyclical rejects socialism, which seeks to abolish private property and transfer ownership to the state, calling it \u201cemphatically unjust.\u201d Such a system, he argues, undermines personal freedom, distorts the proper role of the state, and leads to societal disorder. \u201cSocialists, therefore, by endeavoring to transfer the possessions of individuals to the community at large, strike at the interests of every wage-earner\u2026 the remedy they propose is manifestly against justice\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 5, 6)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nRIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CAPITAL AND LABOR<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\nEmployers and workers share mutual responsibilities, each owing to the other fairness and respect.<\/span><\/p>\nEmployers must pay a just wage\u2014\u201cWages ought not to be insufficient to support a frugal and well-behaved wage-earner\u201d (Rerum Novarum, 45)<\/a>\u2014and ensure safe working conditions. Exploitation is condemned as a grave sin: \u201cTo defraud any one of wages that are his due is a great crime which cries to the avenging anger of Heaven\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 20)<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\nWorkers, in turn, are called to fulfill their duties with diligence and respect their employers’ property: \u201cThose who labor\u2026 should employ their skill and strength faithfully\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 20)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nThe\u00a0encyclical rejects unrestricted capitalism, warning that the pursuit of profit alone leads to worker exploitation. Instead, it advocates for a balanced approach where labor and capital work together for the common good.<\/span><\/p>\nTHE RIGHT TO FORM UNIONS<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\nPope Leo XIII affirms workers’ right to form associations or unions to safeguard their interests. These organizations are seen as both a natural expression of human freedom and a practical means of securing fair wages and working conditions. <\/span><\/p>\n\u201cPrivate societies\u2026 cannot be prohibited by the State\u2026 To enter into a society of this kind is the natural right of man\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 51)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nHe contrasts these voluntary associations with state-controlled systems, emphasizing that unions should remain independent and responsive to local needs. As he states, \u201cSuch associations should be adapted to the requirements of this our age\u2014an age of wider education, of different habits, and of far more numerous requirements in daily life\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 49)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nTHE ROLE OF THE STATE<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\nThe state has a fundamental duty to uphold justice and protect the rights of all citizens, especially the poor and vulnerable. \u201cWhenever the general interest or any particular class suffers, or is threatened with harm, which can in no way be met or prevented, the public authority must step in and deal with it.\u201d (Rerum Novarum, 36)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nHowever, its role has limits. The state must not overreach by stripping individuals and communities of their rightful responsibilities or freedoms, such as private property. \u201cThe State must not absorb the individual or the family; both should be allowed free and untrammeled action so far as is consistent with the common good\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 35)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nGovernment intervention is justified when necessary\u2014to ensure fair wages, regulate working hours, and safeguard public welfare\u2014but it must follow the principle of subsidiarity, allowing smaller groups to handle matters they are capable of managing.<\/span><\/p>\nTHE CHURCH’S ROLE<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\nPope Leo XIII’s letter began the modern systematization of the Church\u2019s reflection on social issues, which had been ongoing for millennia. <\/span><\/p>\nIn a sense Pope Leo XIII\u2019s letter claimed the Church\u2019s \u201ccitizenship status\u201d. The Church recognized her right and duty to address the changing realities of public life and to suggest genuine solutions. \u201cIn the face of a conflict which set man against man\u201d Pope Leo XIII, for the first time, both established and firmly defended the Church\u2019s moral authority to promote justice in public life and, by so doing, \u201ccreated a lasting paradigm for the Church\u201d. (Pope St. John Paul II, 5)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\u201cLeo’s Encyclical has proved itself the Magna Charta upon which all Christian activity in the social field ought to be based, as on a foundation.\u201d (Pope Pius XI, 39)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nThe Church plays a crucial role in addressing social issues by teaching moral truths, fostering charity, and supporting organizations that aid the needy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nPope Leo XIII emphasizes the Church\u2019s long history of caring for the poor and criticizes efforts to replace its charitable works with state-run welfare systems. He argues that true charity is rooted in faith and love and “no human expedients will ever make up for the devotedness and self sacrifice of Christian charity”. (Rerum Novarum, 30)<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\nHe warns that human attempts to resolve class conflicts will ultimately fail without the guidance of Christian principles.<\/span><\/p>\nREJECTION OF SOCIALISM<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\nSocialism presents a false solution that ultimately harms those it claims to help. By abolishing private property and concentrating power in the state, it violates natural rights and disrupts social order.<\/span><\/p>\nIt distorts society: \u201cThe Socialists\u2026 in attempting to seize all property and bring it under State control, distort the functions of the State, and bring utter confusion to the community\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 4)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nIndeed, \u201cneither justice nor the common good allows any individual to seize upon that which belongs to another, or, under the futile and shallow pretext of equality, to lay violent hands on other people\u2019s possessions\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 38)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nSocialism breeds discord: \u201cThe door would be thrown open to envy, to mutual invective, and to discord\u2026the sources of wealth themselves would run dry\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 15)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nRather than embracing socialism, Pope Leo XIII advocates for reforms that uphold private property, individual freedom, and human dignity as the foundations of a just society. <\/span><\/p>\n\u201cThe law, therefore, should favor ownership, and its policy should be to induce as many as possible of the people to become owners.\u201d (Rerum Novarum, 46)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nA CALL FOR COLLABORATION<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\nPope Leo XIII calls on all sectors of society\u2014workers, employers, the state, and the Church\u2014to unite in fostering justice and reducing class conflict. He envisions a society built on mutual respect, fair policies, and a shared commitment to the common good.<\/span><\/p>\nHe emphasizes the interdependence of labor and capital: \u201cCapital cannot do without labor, nor labor without capital\u2026 their mutual harmony is the result aimed at\u201d. Rejecting the idea of inevitable class struggle, he asserts: \u201cThe great mistake\u2026 is to take up with the notion that class is naturally hostile to class\u2026 the exact contrary is the truth\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 19)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nThrough cooperation and justice, true social harmony can be achieved.<\/span><\/p>\n\nPope Leo XIII provided a balanced, moral vision that rejected extreme ideologies and emphasized the protection of human dignity.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\nKey Solutions Proposed<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
Just Wages<\/strong> – Wages should be sufficient to support a worker and their family, not just bare survival. A wage sufficient “to support a frugal and well-behaved wage-earner” are called for. (Rerum Novarum, 45)<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\nWorker Associations<\/strong> \u2013 Unions and trade groups should be encouraged to give workers a collective voice. \u201cThe most important of all are workingmen\u2019s unions\u2026 such associations should be multiplied and suited to the times\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 49)<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\nLimited Work Hours<\/strong> \u2013 Excessive working hours damage workers\u2019 health and family life, so limits should be set. \u201cIt is neither just nor human so to grind men down with excessive labor as to stupefy their minds and wear out their bodies\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 42)<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\nProtection for the Vulnerable<\/strong> \u2013 Special consideration should be given to women and children in the workplace. \u201cWomen\u2026 are not suited for certain occupations\u2026 children should not be permitted to labor before their strength is equal to the burden\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 42)<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\nCharity and Solidarity<\/strong> \u2013 The wealthy, along with the Church, should actively support the poor. \u201cThe rich should\u2026 share their superfluous wealth with the poor\u2026 as a duty not of justice (save in extreme cases), but of Christian charity\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 22)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nWhy It Matters Today<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
Rerum Novarum remains highly relevant, addressing enduring issues of economic inequality, workers’ rights, and the balance between individual freedom and collective responsibility.<\/span><\/p>\nThis encyclical speaks to modern challenges such as wage gaps, job security, and the ethical concerns surrounding capitalism. It offers a balanced alternative to both laissez-faire economics and socialism, prioritizing human dignity over profit or ideological extremes.<\/span><\/p>\nIts principles have inspired global social justice movements and continue to inform discussions on ethical economics. It laid the groundwork for Catholic social teaching, influencing later encyclicals like Quadragesimo Anno (1931)<\/a> and Centesimus Annus (1991)<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\nWhether you’re a worker, employer, or policymaker, Rerum Novarum serves as a moral compass for creating a fairer, more just society.<\/span><\/p>\nFor the full text, visit Rerum Novarum<\/a>\u00a0to explore Pope Leo XIII\u2019s words directly.<\/span><\/p>\nThe Role of Laity According to Vatican II Pt. 1<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nThe Role of Laity According to Vatican II Pt. 2<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nThe Importance of Centesimus Annus<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nPope Benedict XVI: A Caritas in Veritate Overview<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nA Summary of Caritas in Veritate Part 1<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nA Summary of Caritas in Veritate Part 2<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nA Summary of Caritas in Veritate Part 3<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nA Summary of Caritas in Veritate Part 4<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nA Summary of Caritas in Veritate Part 5<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nA Laudato Si Summary<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nA Dilexi Te Summary<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/magisterial-resources\/” button_text=”Magisterial Documents” button_alignment=”center” module_class=”hover-btn-border” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”30px” button_text_color=”#054368″ button_border_width=”0px” button_border_radius=”0px” button_font=”|600||on|||||” button_icon=”5||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” button_text_color__hover=”#054368″][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” 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header_line_height=”1.5em” body_text_color=”#084369″ width=”100%” width_last_edited=”off|desktop” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”|||” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”||||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_css_slide_image_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_css_slide_image_phone=”width: auto;||margin: 0 auto !important;”][et_pb_slide heading=”Three Key Principles” button_link=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/catholic-social-teaching-principles\/” image=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Three-Principles.png” use_bg_overlay=”off” use_text_overlay=”off” image_alt=”Three circles containing symbols of the three principles of catholic social teaching: human dignity, subsidiarity, and solidarity.” image_tablet=”” image_phone=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/3-Key-principle-icons-resized.png” image_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.19.5″ header_font=”||||||||” background_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”on” z_index=”0″ overflow-x=”hidden” overflow-y=”hidden” link_option_url=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/catholic-social-teaching-principles\/” custom_css_slide_image=”width: 300px !important;||margin: 0 auto !important;” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n
Catholic social teaching is built on three foundational principles –\u00a0<\/strong>Human Dignity<\/strong>,\u00a0Solidarity\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0Subsidiarity.\u00a0<\/strong>Human Dignity, embodied in a correct understanding of the human person, is the greatest. The others flow from it. Good governments and good economic systems find ways of fostering the three principles.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide heading=”Human Dignity” button_link=”\/human-dignity\/” image=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Human-Dignity.png” use_bg_overlay=”off” use_text_overlay=”off” _builder_version=”4.19.0″ header_font=”||||||||” background_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”on” link_option_url=”\/human-dignity\/” custom_css_slide_image=”width: 200px !important;||margin: 0 auto !important;” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n
This means a correct understanding of the human person and of each person\u2019s unique value. All Catholic social teaching flows from this: the inherent dignity of every person that comes from being made in God\u2019s image.\u00a0<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide heading=”Solidarity” button_link=”\/solidarity\/” image=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Solidarity.png” use_bg_overlay=”off” use_text_overlay=”off” _builder_version=”4.19.0″ header_font=”||||||||” background_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”on” link_option_url=”\/solidarity\/” custom_css_slide_image=”width: 200px !important;||margin: 0 auto !important;” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n
Solidarity is not \u201ca feeling of vague compassion or shallow distress at the misfortunes of others. It is a firm and persevering determination to commit oneself to the common good\u201d. (Pope St. John Paul II, 38)<\/a> Love of God and love of neighbor are, in fact, linked and form one, single commandment.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide heading=”Subsidiarity” button_link=”\/subsidiarity\/” image=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Subsidiarity.png” use_bg_overlay=”off” use_text_overlay=”off” _builder_version=”4.19.0″ header_font=”||||||||” background_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”on” link_option_url=”\/subsidiarity\/” custom_css_slide_image=”width: 200px !important;||margin: 0 auto !important;” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n
Subsidiarity \u201cis a fundamental principle of social philosophy, fixed and unchangeable, that one should not withdraw from individuals and commit to the community what they can accomplish by their own enterprise and industry. So, too, it is an injustice and at the same time a grave evil and a disturbance of right order to transfer to the larger and higher collectivity functions which can be performed and provided for by the lesser and subordinate bodies\u201d. (Pope Pius XI)<\/a><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_slide][\/et_pb_slider][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_5″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” admin_label=”Image & Text” module_id=”newsletter” module_class=”mosaic_width” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ background_color=”#eb7525″ z_index=”950″ display_conditions=”W3siaWQiOiI2MmUwMjk2ZS1lYmY5LTQwYWYtYmM0Mi0zZmEzYzUyNGNlYTEiLCJjb25kaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlIiwiY29uZGl0aW9uU2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiZGlzcGxheVJ1bGUiOiJpc05vdCIsImR5bmFtaWNQb3N0cyI6W3sibGFiZWwiOiJDYXJpdGFzIGluIFZlcml0YXRlIiwidmFsdWUiOiI0NzIxNCJ9XSwicG9zdFR5cGVMYWJlbCI6IlBhZ2VzIiwiYWRtaW5MYWJlbCI6IlBhZ2VzIiwiZW5hYmxlQ29uZGl0aW9uIjoib24ifSwib3BlcmF0b3IiOiJPUiJ9XQ==” custom_margin=”||” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||0px||false|false” animation_direction=”left” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_module=”45073″ saved_tabs=”all” locked=”off” collapsed=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ make_equal=”on” module_class=”mosaic_width” _builder_version=”4.21.0″ custom_margin=”||” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” animation_style=”fade” animation_delay=”200ms” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ module_class=”ds-vertical-align” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”Playfair Display||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” header_font=”||||||||” header_text_align=”center” header_text_color=”#eb7525″ header_2_text_color=”#ffffff” header_3_text_color=”#ffffff” header_3_font_size=”30px” header_4_font=”Playfair Display|700|||||||” header_4_text_color=”#ffffff” header_4_font_size=”32px” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”||” custom_padding=”||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
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Don\u2019t have time to read?<\/strong> Listen to this AI-powered Rerum Novarum summary.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_audio audio=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Rerum-Novarum-Summary-Podcast-Capital-Labor-and-Catholic-Social-Teaching.mp3″ title=”EP. 2 – Rerum Novarum Summary” artist_name=”CAPP-USA” album_name=”Encyclical Summaries” image_url=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/1.jpg” module_id=”principles-row-1″ module_class=”landscape” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#054368″ max_width=”70%” module_alignment=”center” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_audio][et_pb_text ol_item_indent=”20px” module_class=”bullets-module” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ text_font_size=”16px” ol_line_height=”1.7em” quote_text_color=”#eb7425″ quote_font_size=”17pt” background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” text_orientation=”justified” max_width=”75%” max_width_tablet=”” max_width_phone=”100%” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”20px|||0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Rerum Novarum ushered Catholic social teaching into the modern age.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n Issued by Pope Leo XIII on May 15, 1891, it was groundbreaking in addressing the struggles of the working class and societal challenges during the Industrial Revolution.<\/span><\/p>\n The document explores the tensions between labor and capital, criticizing both socialism and unregulated capitalism while advocating for a just society founded on Christian principles.<\/span><\/p>\n The Industrial Revolution was at its height. Major dislocations of pastoral people to squalid industrial centers disrupted the way of life millions had known for generations. Mass migrations from Europe were splitting families. Workers endured grueling hours, meager wages, and hazardous conditions, while a small elite accumulated vast wealth.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n At the same time, socialist movements were gaining momentum, advocating for drastic measures such as the abolition of private property. The writings of Karl Marx had taken root in widespread communist movements. \u201cA traditional society was passing away and another beginning to be formed \u2013 one which brought the hope of new freedoms but also the threat of new forms of injustice and servitude.\u201d (Pope St. John Paul II, 4)<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n At the height of this clash Pope Leo XIII interceded. In his landmark encyclical of 1891, Rerum Novarum<\/em>, the Pope, and the Church with him, confronted a society torn by dispute and addressed it in pointed terms.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Pope Leo XIII provided a balanced, moral vision that rejected extreme ideologies and emphasized the protection of human dignity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Pope Leo XIII upholds work as both honorable and essential to human life. He asserts that earning a living through labor carries no shame, citing Jesus Christ: “Is He not the carpenter, the son of Mary?” <\/em>(Rerum Novarum, 23)<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n The encyclical stresses that all workers, regardless of social status, deserve respect and fair treatment. It calls for an end to exploitation and the unjust hardships placed upon the working class, denouncing \u201cthe misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working classes\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 3)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n In his landmark encyclical of 1891, Rerum Novarum, the Pope, and the Church with him, confronted a society torn by dispute and addressed it in pointed terms.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Pope Leo XIII firmly upholds private property as a natural right, grounded in both human nature and divine law.<\/span><\/p>\n He asserts that individuals have the right to own property as a means of securing their livelihood and providing for their families. As he declares, \u201cThe first and most fundamental principle, therefore, if one would undertake to alleviate the condition of the masses, must be the inviolability of private property\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 15)<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n The encyclical rejects socialism, which seeks to abolish private property and transfer ownership to the state, calling it \u201cemphatically unjust.\u201d Such a system, he argues, undermines personal freedom, distorts the proper role of the state, and leads to societal disorder. \u201cSocialists, therefore, by endeavoring to transfer the possessions of individuals to the community at large, strike at the interests of every wage-earner\u2026 the remedy they propose is manifestly against justice\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 5, 6)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n Employers and workers share mutual responsibilities, each owing to the other fairness and respect.<\/span><\/p>\n Employers must pay a just wage\u2014\u201cWages ought not to be insufficient to support a frugal and well-behaved wage-earner\u201d (Rerum Novarum, 45)<\/a>\u2014and ensure safe working conditions. Exploitation is condemned as a grave sin: \u201cTo defraud any one of wages that are his due is a great crime which cries to the avenging anger of Heaven\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 20)<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n Workers, in turn, are called to fulfill their duties with diligence and respect their employers’ property: \u201cThose who labor\u2026 should employ their skill and strength faithfully\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 20)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n The\u00a0encyclical rejects unrestricted capitalism, warning that the pursuit of profit alone leads to worker exploitation. Instead, it advocates for a balanced approach where labor and capital work together for the common good.<\/span><\/p>\n Pope Leo XIII affirms workers’ right to form associations or unions to safeguard their interests. These organizations are seen as both a natural expression of human freedom and a practical means of securing fair wages and working conditions. <\/span><\/p>\n \u201cPrivate societies\u2026 cannot be prohibited by the State\u2026 To enter into a society of this kind is the natural right of man\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 51)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n He contrasts these voluntary associations with state-controlled systems, emphasizing that unions should remain independent and responsive to local needs. As he states, \u201cSuch associations should be adapted to the requirements of this our age\u2014an age of wider education, of different habits, and of far more numerous requirements in daily life\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 49)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n The state has a fundamental duty to uphold justice and protect the rights of all citizens, especially the poor and vulnerable. \u201cWhenever the general interest or any particular class suffers, or is threatened with harm, which can in no way be met or prevented, the public authority must step in and deal with it.\u201d (Rerum Novarum, 36)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n However, its role has limits. The state must not overreach by stripping individuals and communities of their rightful responsibilities or freedoms, such as private property. \u201cThe State must not absorb the individual or the family; both should be allowed free and untrammeled action so far as is consistent with the common good\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 35)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n Government intervention is justified when necessary\u2014to ensure fair wages, regulate working hours, and safeguard public welfare\u2014but it must follow the principle of subsidiarity, allowing smaller groups to handle matters they are capable of managing.<\/span><\/p>\n Pope Leo XIII’s letter began the modern systematization of the Church\u2019s reflection on social issues, which had been ongoing for millennia. <\/span><\/p>\n In a sense Pope Leo XIII\u2019s letter claimed the Church\u2019s \u201ccitizenship status\u201d. The Church recognized her right and duty to address the changing realities of public life and to suggest genuine solutions. \u201cIn the face of a conflict which set man against man\u201d Pope Leo XIII, for the first time, both established and firmly defended the Church\u2019s moral authority to promote justice in public life and, by so doing, \u201ccreated a lasting paradigm for the Church\u201d. (Pope St. John Paul II, 5)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n \u201cLeo’s Encyclical has proved itself the Magna Charta upon which all Christian activity in the social field ought to be based, as on a foundation.\u201d (Pope Pius XI, 39)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n The Church plays a crucial role in addressing social issues by teaching moral truths, fostering charity, and supporting organizations that aid the needy.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Pope Leo XIII emphasizes the Church\u2019s long history of caring for the poor and criticizes efforts to replace its charitable works with state-run welfare systems. He argues that true charity is rooted in faith and love and “no human expedients will ever make up for the devotedness and self sacrifice of Christian charity”. (Rerum Novarum, 30)<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n He warns that human attempts to resolve class conflicts will ultimately fail without the guidance of Christian principles.<\/span><\/p>\n Socialism presents a false solution that ultimately harms those it claims to help. By abolishing private property and concentrating power in the state, it violates natural rights and disrupts social order.<\/span><\/p>\n It distorts society: \u201cThe Socialists\u2026 in attempting to seize all property and bring it under State control, distort the functions of the State, and bring utter confusion to the community\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 4)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n Indeed, \u201cneither justice nor the common good allows any individual to seize upon that which belongs to another, or, under the futile and shallow pretext of equality, to lay violent hands on other people\u2019s possessions\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 38)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n Socialism breeds discord: \u201cThe door would be thrown open to envy, to mutual invective, and to discord\u2026the sources of wealth themselves would run dry\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 15)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n Rather than embracing socialism, Pope Leo XIII advocates for reforms that uphold private property, individual freedom, and human dignity as the foundations of a just society. <\/span><\/p>\n \u201cThe law, therefore, should favor ownership, and its policy should be to induce as many as possible of the people to become owners.\u201d (Rerum Novarum, 46)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n Pope Leo XIII calls on all sectors of society\u2014workers, employers, the state, and the Church\u2014to unite in fostering justice and reducing class conflict. He envisions a society built on mutual respect, fair policies, and a shared commitment to the common good.<\/span><\/p>\n He emphasizes the interdependence of labor and capital: \u201cCapital cannot do without labor, nor labor without capital\u2026 their mutual harmony is the result aimed at\u201d. Rejecting the idea of inevitable class struggle, he asserts: \u201cThe great mistake\u2026 is to take up with the notion that class is naturally hostile to class\u2026 the exact contrary is the truth\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 19)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n Through cooperation and justice, true social harmony can be achieved.<\/span><\/p>\n Pope Leo XIII provided a balanced, moral vision that rejected extreme ideologies and emphasized the protection of human dignity.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Worker Associations<\/strong> \u2013 Unions and trade groups should be encouraged to give workers a collective voice. \u201cThe most important of all are workingmen\u2019s unions\u2026 such associations should be multiplied and suited to the times\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 49)<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Limited Work Hours<\/strong> \u2013 Excessive working hours damage workers\u2019 health and family life, so limits should be set. \u201cIt is neither just nor human so to grind men down with excessive labor as to stupefy their minds and wear out their bodies\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 42)<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Protection for the Vulnerable<\/strong> \u2013 Special consideration should be given to women and children in the workplace. \u201cWomen\u2026 are not suited for certain occupations\u2026 children should not be permitted to labor before their strength is equal to the burden\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 42)<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n Charity and Solidarity<\/strong> \u2013 The wealthy, along with the Church, should actively support the poor. \u201cThe rich should\u2026 share their superfluous wealth with the poor\u2026 as a duty not of justice (save in extreme cases), but of Christian charity\u201d. (Rerum Novarum, 22)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n This encyclical speaks to modern challenges such as wage gaps, job security, and the ethical concerns surrounding capitalism. It offers a balanced alternative to both laissez-faire economics and socialism, prioritizing human dignity over profit or ideological extremes.<\/span><\/p>\n Its principles have inspired global social justice movements and continue to inform discussions on ethical economics. It laid the groundwork for Catholic social teaching, influencing later encyclicals like Quadragesimo Anno (1931)<\/a> and Centesimus Annus (1991)<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n Whether you’re a worker, employer, or policymaker, Rerum Novarum serves as a moral compass for creating a fairer, more just society.<\/span><\/p>\n For the full text, visit Rerum Novarum<\/a>\u00a0to explore Pope Leo XIII\u2019s words directly.<\/span><\/p>\n The Role of Laity According to Vatican II Pt. 1<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n The Role of Laity According to Vatican II Pt. 2<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n The Importance of Centesimus Annus<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n Pope Benedict XVI: A Caritas in Veritate Overview<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n A Summary of Caritas in Veritate Part 1<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n A Summary of Caritas in Veritate Part 2<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n A Summary of Caritas in Veritate Part 3<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n A Summary of Caritas in Veritate Part 4<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n A Summary of Caritas in Veritate Part 5<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n A Laudato Si Summary<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n A Dilexi Te Summary<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/magisterial-resources\/” button_text=”Magisterial Documents” button_alignment=”center” module_class=”hover-btn-border” _builder_version=”4.27.5″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”30px” button_text_color=”#054368″ button_border_width=”0px” button_border_radius=”0px” button_font=”|600||on|||||” button_icon=”5||divi||400″ button_on_hover=”off” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on” button_text_color__hover=”#054368″][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ 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da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_5,3_5,1_5″ use_custom_gutter=”on” module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”4.13.0″ width=”100%” width_tablet=”100%” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”100%” max_width_tablet=”100%” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px” custom_css_main_element=”width: 100% !important;” make_fullwidth=”on” global_module=”31023″ saved_tabs=”all” collapsed=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_5″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_slider show_image_video_mobile=”on” module_class=”three-principles” _builder_version=”4.19.5″ header_font=”Open Sans|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#084369″ header_font_size=”24px” header_line_height=”1.5em” body_text_color=”#084369″ width=”100%” width_last_edited=”off|desktop” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”|||” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”||||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_css_slide_image_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_css_slide_image_phone=”width: auto;||margin: 0 auto !important;”][et_pb_slide heading=”Three Key Principles” button_link=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/catholic-social-teaching-principles\/” image=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Three-Principles.png” use_bg_overlay=”off” use_text_overlay=”off” image_alt=”Three circles containing symbols of the three principles of catholic social teaching: human dignity, subsidiarity, and solidarity.” image_tablet=”” image_phone=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/3-Key-principle-icons-resized.png” image_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.19.5″ header_font=”||||||||” background_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”on” z_index=”0″ overflow-x=”hidden” overflow-y=”hidden” link_option_url=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/catholic-social-teaching-principles\/” custom_css_slide_image=”width: 300px !important;||margin: 0 auto !important;” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n Catholic social teaching is built on three foundational principles –\u00a0<\/strong>Human Dignity<\/strong>,\u00a0Solidarity\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0Subsidiarity.\u00a0<\/strong>Human Dignity, embodied in a correct understanding of the human person, is the greatest. The others flow from it. Good governments and good economic systems find ways of fostering the three principles.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide heading=”Human Dignity” button_link=”\/human-dignity\/” image=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Human-Dignity.png” use_bg_overlay=”off” use_text_overlay=”off” _builder_version=”4.19.0″ header_font=”||||||||” background_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”on” link_option_url=”\/human-dignity\/” custom_css_slide_image=”width: 200px !important;||margin: 0 auto !important;” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n This means a correct understanding of the human person and of each person\u2019s unique value. All Catholic social teaching flows from this: the inherent dignity of every person that comes from being made in God\u2019s image.\u00a0<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide heading=”Solidarity” button_link=”\/solidarity\/” image=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Solidarity.png” use_bg_overlay=”off” use_text_overlay=”off” _builder_version=”4.19.0″ header_font=”||||||||” background_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”on” link_option_url=”\/solidarity\/” custom_css_slide_image=”width: 200px !important;||margin: 0 auto !important;” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n Solidarity is not \u201ca feeling of vague compassion or shallow distress at the misfortunes of others. It is a firm and persevering determination to commit oneself to the common good\u201d. (Pope St. John Paul II, 38)<\/a> Love of God and love of neighbor are, in fact, linked and form one, single commandment.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide heading=”Subsidiarity” button_link=”\/subsidiarity\/” image=”https:\/\/capp-usa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Subsidiarity.png” use_bg_overlay=”off” use_text_overlay=”off” _builder_version=”4.19.0″ header_font=”||||||||” background_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”on” link_option_url=”\/subsidiarity\/” custom_css_slide_image=”width: 200px !important;||margin: 0 auto !important;” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n Subsidiarity \u201cis a fundamental principle of social philosophy, fixed and unchangeable, that one should not withdraw from individuals and commit to the community what they can accomplish by their own enterprise and industry. So, too, it is an injustice and at the same time a grave evil and a disturbance of right order to transfer to the larger and higher collectivity functions which can be performed and provided for by the lesser and subordinate bodies\u201d. (Pope Pius XI)<\/a><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][\/et_pb_slider][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_5″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” admin_label=”Image & Text” module_id=”newsletter” module_class=”mosaic_width” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ background_color=”#eb7525″ z_index=”950″ display_conditions=”W3siaWQiOiI2MmUwMjk2ZS1lYmY5LTQwYWYtYmM0Mi0zZmEzYzUyNGNlYTEiLCJjb25kaXRpb24iOiJwYWdlIiwiY29uZGl0aW9uU2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiZGlzcGxheVJ1bGUiOiJpc05vdCIsImR5bmFtaWNQb3N0cyI6W3sibGFiZWwiOiJDYXJpdGFzIGluIFZlcml0YXRlIiwidmFsdWUiOiI0NzIxNCJ9XSwicG9zdFR5cGVMYWJlbCI6IlBhZ2VzIiwiYWRtaW5MYWJlbCI6IlBhZ2VzIiwiZW5hYmxlQ29uZGl0aW9uIjoib24ifSwib3BlcmF0b3IiOiJPUiJ9XQ==” custom_margin=”||” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||0px||false|false” animation_direction=”left” da_disable_devices=”off|off|off” global_module=”45073″ saved_tabs=”all” locked=”off” collapsed=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” da_is_popup=”off” da_exit_intent=”off” da_has_close=”on” da_alt_close=”off” da_dark_close=”off” da_not_modal=”on” da_is_singular=”off” da_with_loader=”off” da_has_shadow=”on”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ make_equal=”on” module_class=”mosaic_width” _builder_version=”4.21.0″ custom_margin=”||” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” animation_style=”fade” animation_delay=”200ms” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ module_class=”ds-vertical-align” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”Playfair Display||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” header_font=”||||||||” header_text_align=”center” header_text_color=”#eb7525″ header_2_text_color=”#ffffff” header_3_text_color=”#ffffff” header_3_font_size=”30px” header_4_font=”Playfair Display|700|||||||” header_4_text_color=”#ffffff” header_4_font_size=”32px” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”||” custom_padding=”||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ module_class=”ds-vertical-align” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_code _builder_version=”4.21.0″ custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||0px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\nOn Capital and Labor<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
Rerum Novarum<\/a>\u00a0serves as the cornerstone of modern Catholic social teaching.
<\/span><\/p>\nHistorical Context<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
The encyclical arose during a period of profound upheaval. Radical changes were taking place in politics, economics and society.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nKey Themes and Messages<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
THE DIGNITY OF WORK AND WORKERS<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n\n
THE ROLE OF PRIVATE PROPERTY<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CAPITAL AND LABOR<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
THE RIGHT TO FORM UNIONS<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
THE ROLE OF THE STATE<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
THE CHURCH’S ROLE<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
REJECTION OF SOCIALISM<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
A CALL FOR COLLABORATION<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
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Key Solutions Proposed<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
Just Wages<\/strong> – Wages should be sufficient to support a worker and their family, not just bare survival. A wage sufficient “to support a frugal and well-behaved wage-earner” are called for. (Rerum Novarum, 45)<\/a> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\nWhy It Matters Today<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n
Rerum Novarum remains highly relevant, addressing enduring issues of economic inequality, workers’ rights, and the balance between individual freedom and collective responsibility.<\/span><\/p>\nSign Up For Our Newsletter:<\/h4>\n